Latent Heat Thermal Storage of Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Material Filled by Copper Foam with Linear Porosity Variation in Vertical Direction

The melting flow and heat transfer of copper-oxide coconut oil in thermal energy storage filled with a nonlinear copper metal foam are addressed. porosity the changes linearly from bottom to top. phase change material (PCM) is into pores, which form composite PCM. natural convection effect also taken account. average porosity; distribution; pore size density; inclination angle enclosure; nanoparticles’ concentration on isotherms, maps, rate investigated. results show that most important parameter behavior. variation 0.825 0.9 time by about 116%. flows weak foam, hence, impact each other parameters insignificant (less than 5%).